How did NYC fall in love with the brownstone, anyway? For New York City dwellers, few things evoke the dream of upward mobility quite like the brownstone townhouse. With a rich chocolate-brown hue and stately design, this coveted variety of townhouse sits several feet above the street, atop staircases bordered by regal banisters. Elegant carvings adorn their doorway trims, like acanthus leaf brackets that show plants or flowers, nature run amok. They’re often very expensive, or occasionally just regular-expensive. But how did brownstone become the favorite building material of well-off New Yorkers? Here’s a bit of NYC brownstone history for you.

NYC Brownstone History: Where They Came From

Let’s start by clearing up a common misconception: only a small part of a brownstone townhouse or rowhouse is built of actual brownstone material.

What most people call a “brownstone” is actually a townhouse built with brick, with an added veneer of brownstone. As a building material, brownstone is unreliable: it’s soft, close-grained, liable to crack and crumble. Brownstone homes give off an idea of permanence — even though they’re anything but.

Brownstone is a type of sandstone, specifically one that dates back to the Triassic-Jurassic period. When first cut, the stone is actually pink, but deepens into its classic brown hue once it’s been exposed to the elements. Like many works of art, brownstone facades often need to be restored after years of weathering and exposure.

Believe it or not, the majority of New York City’s brownstone came from the same place: the Portland Brownstone Quarry, formerly located in Portland, Connecticut. In the 19^th century, when brownstone first caught on as a building material, the stone was cut in Connecticut, placed on barges, and hauled over to the city, where it was unloaded in stone storage yards along the Hudson and East Rivers.

Brooklyn Homes Under $2M on StreetEasy Article continues below

Boerum Hill

610 Warren Street

$1,750,000

3 |

2

Cobble Hill

210 Congress Street

$895,000

2 |

1

Canarsie

750 East 82nd Street

$979,000

6 |

3.5

Williamsburg

476 Union Avenue

$1,595,000

2 |

2

Sunset Park

447 45th Street

$1,600,000

5 |

3

Bay Ridge

648 74th Street

$1,978,000

5 |

3

Stuyvesant Heights

637 Madison Street

$899,000

2 |

1.5

Bay Ridge

7115 Third Avenue

$419,999

2 |

1

East Flatbush

132 East 46th Street

$749,000

4 |

3

Brownsville

9125 Kings Highway

$925,000

6 |

4

Clinton Hill

450 Grand Avenue

$1,399,000

2 |

2

Borough Park

1229 65th Street

$448,000

1 |

1

Why Brownstones Became Popular in NYC

So how did we get here? Time for a quick NYC brownstone history lesson.

By the mid-19^th century, when some of the first rowhouses were being built, Americans were pretty obsessed with the ideals of Romantic Classicism, specifically the artistic movement’s adoration of nature. The Industrial Revolution had by then ushered in a widespread streamlining of production — many new buildings were built, and fast. Romantic Classicism was a response to the pace of urbanization, a reminder that nature was not only necessary, but desirable.

Brownstones were the happy marriage of these two worlds. Steam-powered machines let laborers cut and shape brownstone material faster and more cheaply than ever before, making it affordable — and its organic hues recalled the beauty and power of the wild.

For middle-class townhouse and rowhouse owners who wanted a taste of luxury, a brownstone was the way to go. For little money — far less than what it might cost with limestone, granite, or marble — a homeowner could have a six-inch brownstone façade built, complete with a stoop, a rising staircase, and whatever lovely carved accoutrements they desired.

Manhattan Homes Under $2M on StreetEasy Article continues below

Turtle Bay

230 East 50th Street

$699,999

2 |

1

Greenwich Village

126 West 11th Street

$1,895,000

2 |

1

Greenwich Village

126 West 11th Street

$1,695,000

2 |

1

Manhattan Valley

407 Central Park West

$1,895,000

2 |

2

Upper West Side

203 West 87th Street

$779,000

2 |

1

Tribeca

80 Chambers Street

$1,250,000

1 |

1

Lenox Hill

55 East 65th Street

$675,000

1 |

1

Chelsea

252 7th Avenue

$1,650,000

1 |

1

Lincoln Square

24 West 69th Street

$1,495,000

3 |

2

Manhattan Valley

210 West 103rd Street

$625,000

1 |

1

Tribeca

153 Chambers Street

$1,350,000

1 |

1

Murray Hill

120 East 36th Street

$1,320,000

3 |

2

How Brownstones Came to Symbolize Wealth in NYC

So, if brownstone material became popular in part because it was cheap and easy to work with, how did the material grow to symbolize wealth? And how did it get so expensive?

That’s an easy one: scarcity breeds interest.

After 300 years in operation, the Portland Brownstone Quarry closed down for good in 2012. And though there are other places around the world where brownstone is quarried, experts say there’s nothing quite like the stone that came from Portland.

But it’s not just the material that’s become scarce — it’s the style itself. There are only so many parts of New York City with genuine brownstones — the Upper West Side, Fort Greene, Park Slope, and Carroll Gardens to name a few. Since the building of new brownstones is a near impossibility given the dearth of materials, demand has exceeded supply.

Queens Homes Under $2M on StreetEasy Article continues below

Jackson Heights

35-40 82nd Street

$600,000

2 |

1

Glendale

68-23 Cooper Avenue

$748,800

5 |

2

Jackson Heights

31-18 82nd Street

$1,288,000

2 |

2

Astoria

33-34 Crescent Street

$529,000

2 |

1

Jamaica Estates

86-23 188th Street

$1,299,000

4 |

2.5

Forest Hills

107-24 71st Road

$1,250,000

2 |

2

Astoria

29-14 Newtown Avenue

$978,000

1 |

1

Jackson Heights

84-01 37th Avenue

$538,000

1 |

1

Flushing

132-40 Sanford Avenue

$620,000

Studio |

1

Astoria

25-47 23rd Street

$699,000

1 |

1

Far Rockaway

164 Beach 27th Street

$550,000

2 |

2

Flushing

142-05 Roosevelt Avenue

$439,000

2 |

1

Don’t Like Brownstones? Read This

If you’re in the seeming minority of New Yorkers who don’t care for brownstone homes, know that you’re not alone.

Edith Wharton, the brilliant writer and master of the NYC upper-class takedown, lived in brownstones all her life and hated the ordinariness of the material, and the way rowhouses repeated themselves ad nauseam down every block. In fact, Wharton said that brownstones made New York “hide-bound in its deadly uniformity of mean ugliness.”

And here’s the kicker: the original reason brownstones were built with stoops wasn’t for people-watching or sunbathing. It was to avoid the manure from carriage horses that littered 18^th century New York City streets. Those elegant stairs were just a way to rise above the muck.

But if you still can’t resist the allure of the NYC brownstone, you can browse hundreds of townhouse listings on StreetEasy and find one to call home. For more personalized guidance, connect with our Concierge for buyers, who can match you with a StreetEasy Expert agent who has specialized experience helping buyers purchase brownstones.

^{Disclaimer: StreetEasy is an assumed name of Zillow, Inc. which has a real estate brokerage license in all 50 states and D.C. See real estate licenses. StreetEasy Concierge team members are real estate licensees, however they are not your agents or providing real estate brokerage services on your behalf. StreetEasy does not intend to interfere with any agency agreement you may have with a real estate professional or solicit your business if you are already under contract to purchase or sell property.}